O preço da priorização paga: As consequências internacionais e domésticas da falha ao proteger a neutralidade da rede nos Estados Unidos
Resumo
Neste artigo, examinamos em primer lugar as obrigações do direito internacional do comércio e dos direitos humanos dos Estados Unidos em relação à neutralidade da rede, para determinar até que ponto as duas últimas aproximações adoptadas pela FCC para promover uma internet livre e aberta cumpren com essas obrigações. Também examinamos a história da regulamentação dos fornecedores de banda larga como common carriers submetidos a obrigações de não discriminação sob a lei estado-unidense. Concluímos que a nova Open Internet Order da FCC cumpre com sucesso, em termos gerais, com as obrigações internacionais de comércio e de direitos humanos contraídas pelos Estados Unidos.Palavras-chave:
Neutralidade da internet, Ordem de internet aberta, FCC, direito internacional, direitos humanosReferências
Ammori, Marvin (2014). «Interconnection disputes are network neutrality issues (of Netflix, Comcast, and the FCC)». CircleID, 7 de abril de 2014. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1SoWQCw>.
Barcelo, John (2006). «The status of WTO rules in U.S. Law». Cornell Law Faculty Publishingns, Paper (36): 1-34. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1OoZ7Kj>.
Barron, Jerome (1993) «The telco, the common carrier model, and The First Amendment. The «Dial-A-Porn» precedent»». Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal, 19 (1993): 371-386.
Center for Democracy and Technology (2013). «The importance of internet neutrality to protecting human rights online». Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1Zs65Bl>.
Center for Democracy and Technology (2014). «No. 208 net neutrality, zero-rating & development: What’s the data?», Internet Governance Forum. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1OxweJz>.
Cerda, Alberto (2014). «Net neutrality around the world panel». George Washington University Conference on Net Neutrality and Global Internet Freedom, 23 de octubre de 2014. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1Zs6h3i>.
Cottier, Thomas y otros (2008). Article XIV GATS: General exceptions, in Max Planck commentaries on world trade law, WTO. Trade in Services, Rudiger Wolfrum et al. (eds.).
De Sola, Ithiel (1983). Technologies of freedom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gillula, Jeremy y Kit Walsh (2015). «The FCC is keeping an eye on interconnection, but more clarity is needed», Electronic Frontier Foundation. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1KjMiwP>.
Heiskanen, Veijo (1990). «The relation of international and municipal law». Finnish Year Book of International Law, 1: 154-157.
Open Internet Order (2015). «Rules protecting and promoting the open internet, 80 Fed. Reg. 19.738». Disponible en <http://1.usa.gov/1n3jPGa>.
MacDonald, Reagan y Giusy Cannella (2014). «Net neutrality: Ending network discrimination in Europa». En Luca Beli y Primavera de Filippi (eds.), The value of network neutrality for the internet of tomorrow (46-60). Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1liMh5V>.
Manner, Jennifer y Alejandro Hernández (2014). «An overlooked basis of jurisdiction for net neutrality: The World Trade Organization Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services». CommLaw Conspectus, 22 (1): 57-73. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1UXJTh0>.
Marsden, Christopher T. (2014). Net neutrality: Past policy, present proposals, future regulation? En Luca Beli y Primavera de Filippi (eds.), The value of network neutrality for the internet of tomorrow (76-89). Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1liMh5V>.
Nunziato, Dawn (2009). Virtual freedom: Net neutrality and free speech in the internet age. Chicago: Standford Law Books.
Nunziato, Dawn (2014). «The U.S. Federal Communications Commission’s proposed rulemaking in the matter of protecting and promoting the open internet». Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1Q5RIQv>.
Solon, Olivia (2014). «Victory for net neutrality in European Parliament». Wired. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1Py4On1>.
Somer, Jeff (2015). «What the net neutrality rules say». The New York Times, 12 de marzo 2015. Disponible en <http://nyti.ms/1nq68lg>.
Sparrow, Thomas (2013). «Behind the scenes of Latin America’s ‘Internet Brain». BBC, 30 de enero de 2013. Disponible en <http://bbc.in/1QdOXhW>.
Strickler, Yancy (2014). «FCC’s ‘Fast Lane’ internet plan threatens free exchange of ideas». The Washington Post, 4 de julio de 2014. Disponible en <http://wapo.st/236XGYp>.
Yun Chee, Foo (2014). «EU Parliament votes to end roaming, protect net neutrality». Reuters, 3 de abril de 2014. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1U2O3Ec>.
Barcelo, John (2006). «The status of WTO rules in U.S. Law». Cornell Law Faculty Publishingns, Paper (36): 1-34. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1OoZ7Kj>.
Barron, Jerome (1993) «The telco, the common carrier model, and The First Amendment. The «Dial-A-Porn» precedent»». Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal, 19 (1993): 371-386.
Center for Democracy and Technology (2013). «The importance of internet neutrality to protecting human rights online». Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1Zs65Bl>.
Center for Democracy and Technology (2014). «No. 208 net neutrality, zero-rating & development: What’s the data?», Internet Governance Forum. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1OxweJz>.
Cerda, Alberto (2014). «Net neutrality around the world panel». George Washington University Conference on Net Neutrality and Global Internet Freedom, 23 de octubre de 2014. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1Zs6h3i>.
Cottier, Thomas y otros (2008). Article XIV GATS: General exceptions, in Max Planck commentaries on world trade law, WTO. Trade in Services, Rudiger Wolfrum et al. (eds.).
De Sola, Ithiel (1983). Technologies of freedom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gillula, Jeremy y Kit Walsh (2015). «The FCC is keeping an eye on interconnection, but more clarity is needed», Electronic Frontier Foundation. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1KjMiwP>.
Heiskanen, Veijo (1990). «The relation of international and municipal law». Finnish Year Book of International Law, 1: 154-157.
Open Internet Order (2015). «Rules protecting and promoting the open internet, 80 Fed. Reg. 19.738». Disponible en <http://1.usa.gov/1n3jPGa>.
MacDonald, Reagan y Giusy Cannella (2014). «Net neutrality: Ending network discrimination in Europa». En Luca Beli y Primavera de Filippi (eds.), The value of network neutrality for the internet of tomorrow (46-60). Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1liMh5V>.
Manner, Jennifer y Alejandro Hernández (2014). «An overlooked basis of jurisdiction for net neutrality: The World Trade Organization Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services». CommLaw Conspectus, 22 (1): 57-73. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1UXJTh0>.
Marsden, Christopher T. (2014). Net neutrality: Past policy, present proposals, future regulation? En Luca Beli y Primavera de Filippi (eds.), The value of network neutrality for the internet of tomorrow (76-89). Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1liMh5V>.
Nunziato, Dawn (2009). Virtual freedom: Net neutrality and free speech in the internet age. Chicago: Standford Law Books.
Nunziato, Dawn (2014). «The U.S. Federal Communications Commission’s proposed rulemaking in the matter of protecting and promoting the open internet». Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1Q5RIQv>.
Solon, Olivia (2014). «Victory for net neutrality in European Parliament». Wired. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1Py4On1>.
Somer, Jeff (2015). «What the net neutrality rules say». The New York Times, 12 de marzo 2015. Disponible en <http://nyti.ms/1nq68lg>.
Sparrow, Thomas (2013). «Behind the scenes of Latin America’s ‘Internet Brain». BBC, 30 de enero de 2013. Disponible en <http://bbc.in/1QdOXhW>.
Strickler, Yancy (2014). «FCC’s ‘Fast Lane’ internet plan threatens free exchange of ideas». The Washington Post, 4 de julio de 2014. Disponible en <http://wapo.st/236XGYp>.
Yun Chee, Foo (2014). «EU Parliament votes to end roaming, protect net neutrality». Reuters, 3 de abril de 2014. Disponible en <http://bit.ly/1U2O3Ec>.
